Non-finite participles and Gerund
Class X
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INTRODUCTION TO DIFFICULT TERMINOLOGY 1. Participles: a form of a verb that is used as either an Adjective or part of a verb phrase. 2. Gerund: Present participle form of the verb that is used as Noun. 3. Participial Adjectives: Adjectives that end with –ed or –ing formed from verbs. 4. Participial Noun: The + Participial Adjective is called participial Noun 5. Verbal Noun: Gerund 6. Complement: word or phrase that complete an incomplete predicate. |
MAIN POINTS:
Participles
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Present Participles |
Past Participles |
Perfect Participles |
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Verb + ing |
-ed, -d, -t, -en,-n,-ne |
Having + V3 |
Use of Present participle
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– To form continuous tenses – As adjective – As Subjective Complement – As Objective Complement – In absolute construction – Sentence combination |
[is, am, are, was, were, will/shall be, have/has/had been + V_ing] [V_ing + Noun] [Subject + linking verb + Participle] [Subject + verb + Object + participle] [Adverb/Noun/Pronoun + Participle] [Participle + adverb/object, main clause] [Noun + participle, main clause] |
— e.g. interesting book, running bus, playing children e.g. The book is interesting. e.g. He taught me speaking English. e.g. Briefly speaking e.g. going inside, she brought a pen. e.g. The surrounding being peaceful |
KEY TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES:
1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate infinitives:
i. I advise her to go to school.
ii. The teacher told me to read the book.
iii. He asked me to take the picture,
iv. We were glad to meet him yesterday.
v. You ought to be more careful.
vi. They forced him to do the work.
vii. He used to sing in the morning.
viii. The place is too far to be visited.
ix. The problem is too difficult to be understood.
x. There is a lot of work to be done.
xi. The girl wanted to learn English.
xii. They decided to organize the tour.
xiii. I went to the library to return the book.
xiv. She is glad to go to her home town.
XV. The police use tear gas to disperse the crowd.
2. Combine the following sentences by using infinitive:
i. The boy went to school to learn geography
ii. The school closed early to organize a debating competition.
iii. She came very early to go to Sugnu.
iv. I build a small house to keep my dog in it to keep my dog in it.
v. Every day I used to go for a walk to improve my health.
vi. Santi has a big bag to carry her books.
vii. Bina met Esther in the morning to read the lesson together.
viii. I am too busy to join the function.
ix. It was too dark to see anything.
x. She was too angry to speak.
xi. They were too tired to walk.
xii. The boy was too late to catch the bus.
xiii. They are too lazy to do the work.
xiv. The children collected the species to
experiment with them.
xv. The intelligent students read the books to supplement their knowledge.
Use of Gerund:
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– Subject of a verb – Object of a verb – Object of a preposition – Complement of a verb – Compound Noun |
[Gerund + Verb] [Subject + Verb + Gerund] [Prep. + Gerund] [Subject + linking Verb + Gerund] [Gerund + noun] |
e.g. Seeing is believing. e.g. Children like playing. e.g. I am fond of dancing. e.g. This book is interesting. e.g. Swimming pool, running shoes |
SOME SUPPLEMENTARY POINTS/ RULES:
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Infinitive with ‘to’ as Subject, Object, or Complement [Noun Infinitive] To-infinitive as an Adjective – He has no money to buy. – He is a man to be admired. To-infinitive as an adverb to qualify an Adjective. – It is difficult to solve this sum. – He was surprised to see me with her. To-infinitive as an Adverb to modify a verb. [it denotes purpose or cause of doing an action] – He wants to help his classmates. (purpose) – She started weeping to see the dead body of her husband. “Verb + Object + to-infinitive” |
Some of such verbs are:
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Allow, advise, compel, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, request, tell, want, warn, tempt, urge, show, remind, etc. – He forbade his son to go out at night. ‘Verb + to-infinitive” Some of such verbs are: Appear, forget, guarantee, happen, learn, pretend, promise, prove, remember, seem, threaten, etc. – I pretended to be angry. |
ASSESSMENT WORKS:
1. Combine the sentences using appropriate Infinitives:
i) He has some bills. He must pay them.
ii) He was very tired. He could not go any further.
iii) She has a big bag. It is for carrying her books.
Ans:
) He has some bills to pay.
ii) Too tired to continue, he could not go any further.
iii) She has a big bag to carry her books.
2. It is impossible to live without air. (use the infinitive as subject)
Ans: Living without air is impossible.
3. Correct the following sentences if there is any error:
i) He dares go there.
ii) He need not to ask.
iii) He did nothing but to laugh.
iv) I would rather walk than to ride the bike
Ans:
i) He dares to go there.
ii) He need not ask.
iii) He did nothing but laugh.
iv) I would rather walk than ride a bike.
